Europe probe Competition Law On Google Android

Google to face anti-trust probe in Europe over Android

European regulators are preparing what could be a stern challenge to Google Inc's mobile software business in the coming months after a nearly four-year investigation into the company's web search practices left opponents and European politicians dissatisfied.

Two sources with direct knowledge of the matter said that with a new antitrust chief taking over in November, European regulators are laying the groundwork for a case centered on whether Google abuses the 80% market share of its Android mobile operating system to promote services from maps to search.

The Commission has stepped up inquiries just in recent weeks, sending companies surveys that seek far more details than previous queries on the matter in 2011 and 2013.

In one questionnaire seen by Reuters, respondents were asked whether there was a requirement set by Google, written or unwritten, that they not pre-install apps, products or services on mobile devices that compete with Google software like its search engine, app store and maps.

Companies must provide emails, faxes, letters, notes from phone calls and meetings, and presentations stretching as far back as 2007 related to such deals with Google, suggesting the European Commission wants to know if Google's behavior has been long-term. Plaintiffs have been given until early September to reply to more than 40 questions.

While any company is free to use the open-source Android as they choose, mobile handset makers that want to use the newest version must sign a contract that stipulates a minimum number of Google services be pre-installed on devices, according to a third source, a former Google executive with knowledge of the matter.

The impending Android inquiry adds to a growing list of regulatory challenges that complicate the internet company's ambitions in a vital market. Europe accounted for more than $30 billion in digital advertising spending in 2013.

The European Commission is likely to start a formal probe into Android once it wraps up an investigation into whether Google ranks its own services higher than those of its rivals in search results, according to the two people with knowledge of the matter.

Google struck a deal with Almunia in February by agreeing to display rivals' links more prominently, but the preliminary settlement was criticized as inadequate by rivals such as Microsoft Corp, US consumer review site Yelp Inc and German and Spanish publishers, as well as some European politicians.

Outgoing European Commission antitrust chief Joaquin Almunia may decide to open a second case against Google at the same time he announces the closing of the first, the source said.

"It's a political game. Can Almunia afford not to bring a case? He has to bring a case," the source said.

Wave of distrust

Google faces criticism in Europe about everything from privacy to tax policies, and is struggling with a European court's ruling that requires it to remove links from search results that individuals find objectionable.

Android's 80% market share is at a level akin to Microsoft's Windows, itself the target of a long-running European investigation.

At the same time, the company has grown so large as to inspire distrust in some corners, with a chorus of public criticism from politicians and business executives. Mathias Dopfner, the chief executive of German publisher Axel Springer said he was "afraid" of Google in an April open letter published in German newspaper Frankfurter

Allgemeine Zeitung. Axel Springer is a member of the Open Internet Project, which has submitted a complaint against Google to the EC.

"They are in a stormy patch at the moment" in Europe, says Alasdair Young, a professor at Georgia Tech's Sam Nunn School of International Affairs. "It's pretty unusual for a company to be hit by so many big policy threats at the same time."

The search investigation is not a done deal, with the Commission having indicated it may seek more concessions from Google before making a final decision in September.

But the real fight may be shifting to mobile.

Search is "like the movie everybody's already walked out of," said David Balto, a former Policy Director at the Federal Trade Commission in the United States, who has done some consulting work for Google. "People are going in there, trying to collect the popcorn boxes, but they don't notice the movie's over."

Android represents a crucial channel for Google to extend its search engine into the mobile world. Regulatory action that impedes Google's ability put search front-and-center within Android could threaten its primary money-making service.

Handset makers such as Samsung and LG Electronics may also benefit by being freer to pre-install or alternative online services on devices. That may in turn grant better shop-window placement to rival services from Microsoft and Yahoo.

A Google spokeswoman said in an emailed statement that Google is committed to keeping Android open and that "anyone can use Android without Google, and anyone can use Google without Android."

"Since Android's introduction, greater competition in the smartphone market has given consumers more and better choices. Both the US FTC and Korean Fair Trade Commission have examined Google's agreements around Android in depth and concluded that there was no cause for legal concern," the spokeswoman said.

Long arm of the law

But the questionnaires sent to telecoms operators and handset makers using Android suggest that the European regulators are looking for evidence to build its case.

Regulators asked if Google had ever communicated "that it was not in favor of your undertaking manufacturing, marketing or launching a smart mobile device with your own or a third-party application or service pre-installed or set as default."

Another question asked for examples of major commercial difficulties faced by app stores competing with Google Play. The watchdog also asked for details of revenue-sharing with Google.

Much will depend on Almunia's successor. The 66-year-old Spaniard, whose term as antitrust chief ends in October, has fueled a growing feeling within the Commission that he may have been too soft on Google. The incoming head may decide to take a tougher line following criticism in recent months from French and German ministers as well as European lawmakers.

Mindful of the Commission's power to impose multi-billion euro fines and the distraction of a drawn-out regulatory battle that could hurt the corporate image, Google will likely seek a quick end to any Android probe, said Andreas Kafetzopoulos, a lawyer at Dechert, whose practice focuses on European competition law.

"In fast-moving technology markets, protracted adversarial antitrust proceedings rarely benefit anyone. Settlement would again be the most likely outcome of a new Google case," Kafetzopoulos said.